Sauté the aromatics: Heat the oil in a large pot over medium heat. Add onion, bell peppers, carrots, and celery.
Cook 6–8 minutes, stirring, until softened.
Add heat and garlic: Stir in jalapeño and garlic. Cook 1 minute until fragrant.
Toast the spices: Add tomato paste, cumin, chili powder, smoked paprika, oregano, and cinnamon. Cook 1–2 minutes, stirring, to bloom the spices and caramelize the paste.
Build the base: Add black beans, diced tomatoes, vegetable broth, and chipotle with adobo (if using).
Stir and bring to a gentle boil.
Simmer: Reduce heat to medium-low. Cover partially and simmer 15 minutes to meld flavors.
Add quick-cooking veggies: Stir in zucchini and corn. Simmer 8–10 minutes more, until tender but not mushy.
Season and brighten: Add lime juice.
Taste and season with salt and black pepper. If you want a thicker texture, mash some beans against the pot with a spoon or blend 1 cup of soup and return it to the pot.
Serve: Ladle into bowls and top with cilantro and your favorite toppings. Adjust heat with more jalapeño or a pinch of cayenne if desired.